INTRODUCTION:

Acne is a common dermatological condition that occurs when dead skin cells clog hair follicles, leading to the formation of whiteheads, pimples, and cysts. It affects up to 80% of adolescents and predominantly appears on areas with dense pilosebaceous glands, such as the face, chest, and back. Pimples typically present as red patches with a white centre due to inflammation or bacterial infection, while cystic lesions form deeper in the skin from blocked follicles.¹

The skin, the body's largest organ, serves as a vital barrier against physical, chemical, and UV-related stressors while also contributing to vitamin D synthesis. However, increased exposure to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, oxidants, particulate matter, and cigarette smoke has been associated with rising cases of skin irritation, allergies, acne, and even skin cancer.² While conventional face washes and topical agents are widely used for acne management, concerns over the long-term side effects of synthetic chemicals have prompted interest in herbal alternatives. India’s rich biodiversity, including medicinal herbs and spices, offers a promising source for the development of safer, plant-based skincare products.³

Major contributing factors to acne include bacterial infections, excessive sebum production, hormonal changes, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, stress, and environmental triggers. Antibiotics, such as tetracycline, were first used successfully in the 1950s due to their anti-inflammatory properties⁴. In the 1960s, Retin-A (tretinoin), a vitamin A derivative, was introduced to treat acne scars and was later proven effective in reducing oil production by skin glands. During the 1990s, laser therapies emerged as successful treatments, particularly for nodular and cystic acne. Tretinoin remains a cornerstone topical treatment for acne management since its discovery in the 1970’s.⁵.

The skin, being the largest organ of the human body, is home to a varied microbiota that is essential for preserving skin health. Key microbial genera associated with healthy skin include Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Malassezia. Areas rich in sebaceous glands, such as the face and upper trunk, are predominantly colonized by P. acnes and P. granulosum. Interestingly, P. acnes has also been isolated from non-cutaneous sites like the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and prostate, suggesting it may have broader mutualistic functions beyond its role on the skin.⁶

Face wash, also known as a facial cleanser, is an essential component of daily skincare routines. It functions by removing dead skin cells, dirt, oil, sweat, sebum, makeup, and other impurities from the skin's surface, thereby helping to unclog pores. Most face washes are formulated as foaming solutions that cleanse the skin effectively, leaving it refreshed and revitalized.⁷

Acne typically manifests in two distinct forms: whiteheads and blackheads. Whiteheads, referred to as closed comedones, form beneath the skin when pores are obstructed by sebum, dead skin cells, and bacteria, yet are still covered by a delicate layer of skin. Conversely, blackheads, known as open comedones, arise when the obstructed pores are exposed to air, leading to the oxidation and darkening of the trapped sebum, which produces their distinctive black appearance on the skin's surface.⁸

Acne is generally classified into six major types:

1. Whiteheads (Non-inflammatory): Closed pores blocked by dead skin and oil; painless and under the skin.

2. Blackheads (Non-inflammatory): Open pores clogged with sebum and debris; visible as dark spots.

3. Papules (Inflammatory): Small red, tender bumps without visible pus, caused by inflamed hair follicles.

4. Pustules (Inflammatory): Evolve from papules; contain visible pus and may be painful.

5. Nodules (Inflammatory): Large, painful lesions deep within the skin; slow to heal.

6. Cystic Acne: The most severe form; painful cysts beneath the skin that can cause scarring and require medical attention.⁹

The formulation incorporates a variety of botanicals known for their therapeutic properties against acne:

· Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, C.cassia): Possesses strong antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity, making it effective in acne management.

· Lemon (Citrus limon): Rich in antioxidants and exhibits potent antimicrobial action, helpful in cleansing and brightening the skin.

· Honey (Apis mellifera): A natural humectant with antibacterial and antiseptic properties; helps soothe and hydrate the skin.

· Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): Fresh leaves are washed, dried, and used for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

· Moringa (Moringa oleifera): A well-studied antioxidant source, containing bioactives like carotene, vitamin C, and phenolics that support skin health.¹⁰

Advanced carrier-based topical drug delivery systems have demonstrated enhanced effectiveness in treating acne. However, local side effects such as skin irritation, erythema, dryness, peeling, and scaling remain challenges. Compared to conventional treatments, vesicular and particulate carriers such as liposomes, polymeric microspheres, and solid lipid nanoparticles offer improved drug delivery with reduced side effects. Encapsulation of anti-acne drugs in these novel systems helps maintain therapeutic efficacy while minimizing skin irritation.¹¹

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Materials:

Fresh neem leaves, cinnamon bark, orange peels, lemon, aloevera, and soap nuts were locally purchased from a grocery shop in Deralakatte.

Methods:

The collected herbal ingredients were first grinded using a grinder to obtain fine particles, which were then separated for use. Fresh neem leaves were dried in the shade, and 250 grams of these dried leaves were soaked in 5 liters of water overnight. After soaking, the leaves were gently pounded to extract active compounds, and the liquid was squeezed out. Approximately 20 grams of soap were dissolved in a small volume of water to act as the base vehicle for the face wash. The herbal mixture was filtered 3 to 4 times using standard filter paper to remove solid residues, and the clear filtrate was collected. This filtrate was then concentrated by heating it in a water bath at 60–70°C for 2 to 3 hours.^12,13After reaching the desired concentration, the solution was cooled before mixing with other formulation ingredients; neem and cinnamon concentrations were varied to assess their antibacterial effects. Lemon juice, orange peel, soap nut, and aloe vera were kept constant for their respective roles, as shown in Table 1. This approach enabled a clear evaluation of each ingredient’s contribution to the facewash formulation.

Table 1: Formulation chart of herbal Face wash

Sr. No	Ingredients	F1	F2	F3	Role
1.	Neem	3mg	4mg	5mg	Antibacterial
2.	Cinnamon	5mg	4ml	3ml	Antibacterial
3.	Lemon juice	2.5 ml	2.5 ml	2.5 ml	Help to lighten the skin
4	Orange peel	4mg	4mg	4mg	Cleansing
5.	Soap nut	2mg	2mg	2mg	Forming agent
6.	Alovera	2ml	2ml	2ml	Anti- inflammatory
7.	Purified water	q.s	q.s	q.s	Vehicle

EVALUATION:

The formulated herbal facewash was evaluated through a series of physicochemical, mechanical, and biological tests to assess its quality, performance, and safety.

Physical Evaluation: Visual inspection was used to assess colour, Odor, and texture. Homogeneity and consistency were examined to ensure smooth and uniform distribution without any particulate matter.¹⁴ Grittiness was evaluated microscopically (40× magnification).

pH Evaluation: A 1% aqueous solution of the formulation was analysed using a calibrated digital pH meter to confirm its compatibility with skin pH.

Spreadability: was assessed to determine the ease of application of the gel formulation. A fixed amount of gel was placed between two glass slides, and a specific weight (20g) was applied to ensure uniform spreading. The time taken for the upper slide to slip off under the influence of the applied weight was recorded.¹⁵ The experiment was performed in triplicate for both the formulated and marketed gels, and the average time was used to calculate Spreadability using the formula:

S = M × L / T

Washability and Greasiness: Formulations were applied to the skin, and then the ease and extent of washing with water were personally assessed. The prepared formulation was applied to the skin, and then the ease and extent of washing with water were checked manually. Greasiness was evaluated through direct skin application.

Foamability and extrudability: Foam formation was observed upon agitation with water. Extrudability was determined by measuring the ease of product release from the container nozzle.

Antimicrobial Activity: The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The formulation was tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) using Mueller-Hinton agar. Wells containing the herbal formulation and standard antibiotic (amoxicillin) were incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hours, and zones of inhibition were measured to determine antimicrobial potency.¹⁶

RESULT:

Physical Appearance:

The physical characteristics of the formulated facewashes (F1, F2, and F3) were evaluated and compared with a marketed Neem facewash. Visual inspection was employed to assess colour, Odor, and texture. All formulations displayed a pleasant Odor and a smooth texture. The colour of the formulations was brown, whereas the marketed product exhibited a green hue, characteristic of commercial neem-based products.

Homogeneity and consistency were confirmed through visual and tactile analysis, showing uniform distribution without any phase separation. All samples, including the marketed product, exhibited a semi-solid and stable consistency suitable for topical application. No particulate matter was observed in any of the samples.

Microscopic evaluation under 40× magnification revealed no grittiness in any formulation, indicating a smooth and finely blended product, ensuring comfort and safety upon application as given in Table 2.

Table No. 3: PH results of formulation and marketed formulation

Formulation code	PH
Marketed	5.8
F1	4.9
F2	5.6
F3	5.3

The pH of the marketed neem facewash was 5.8, aligning well with the skin’s natural pH. Among the formulations, F2(5.6) and F3(5.3) showed similar, skin-friendly values. F1 had a slightly more acidic pH of 4.9, as per Table 2, but remained within the acceptable range for topical use.

Washability:

Table No.4: Washability results of formulation and marketed formulation

Formulation code	Washability
Marketed	Good
F1	Good
F2	Good
F3	Good

The washability of the various facewash formulations was assessed and is summarized in Table 4.

Spreadability:

Table No.5: Spreadability results of formulation and marketed formulation

Formulation code	Spreadability (gm.cm/sec)
Marketed	5.909
F1	4.913
F2	5.416
F3	2.6

The Spreadability of the various facewash formulations was measured and is summarized in Table 5.

Greasiness:

Table No. 6: Greasiness results of formulation and marketed formulation

Formulation code	Greasiness
Marketed	No
F1	No
F2	No
F3	No

The greasiness of the various facewash formulations was evaluated and is summarized in Table 6.

Foamability and Extrudability:

Table No. 7: Foamability and Extrudability results of formulation and marketed formulation

Formulation Code	Foamability	Extrudability
Marketed Neem Facewash	Good foam formation	Easy extrusion from the tube
F1	Moderate foam formation	Easy extrusion with slight pressure
F2	Good foam formation	Smooth and easy extrusion
F3	Slight foam formation	Moderate extrusion requiring some pressure

Marketed and F2 showed good foam formation and Easy extrusion from the tube, as shown in Table 7

Anti-microbial activity:

Table No. 8: Anti-microbial activity against S aureus

Formulation	Zone of inhibition in mm
Amoxicillin STD	23
F 1	9
F 2	26
F 3	22

Table No.8 and Figure 1A show the antimicrobial activity against S aureus.

Table No.9: Anti-microbial activity against Candida albicans

Formulation	Zone of inhibition in mm
Clotrimazole STD	9
F 1	7
F 2	11
F 3	7

Table No. 9 and Figure 1B show the Anti-microbial activity against Candida albicans

Figure 1: Anti-microbial activity against 1 A S aureus and 1 B Candida albicans

DISCUSSION:

The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the physicochemical properties and biological efficacy of three herbal facewash formulations (F1, F2, and F3) with a marketed Neem-based facewash. The results of the physical evaluation, pH, Spreadability, greasiness, and antimicrobial activity are summarized in Tables 2–9 and Figures 1A and 1B.

All formulations (F1–F3) exhibited satisfactory physical characteristics, including pleasant odor, smooth texture, uniform homogeneity, and stable semi-solid consistency without visible particulate matter or grittiness. These results are essential for consumer acceptability and effective application.¹⁷ The marketed facewash had a green color due to added coloring agents, whereas the brown hue of the formulations reflects the natural herbal ingredients used.

The pH of a face wash plays a crucial role in maintaining skin barrier integrity and minimizing irritation. Human skin typically maintains an acidic pH ranging from 4.5 to 6.5.¹⁸ The marketed product had a pH of 5.8, consistent with normal skin pH. Among the formulations, F2(5.6) and F3(5.3) were closest to this range, making them suitable for topical application. F1 showed a slightly more acidic pH (4.9) but remained within the acceptable dermatological limit.

All the formulations showed good washability and no greasiness, which are important attributes for user comfort and post-wash feel. The absence of greasy residue suggests efficient removal of dirt and sebum without disrupting the natural oil balance, which is consistent with consumer expectations.¹⁹

Spreadability is a critical parameter affecting the ease of application. Higher values indicate a better spread over the skin surface. F2(5.416 gm·cm/sec) demonstrated higher Spreadability compared to F1 (4.913) and F3 (2.6), indicating better user handling and coverage during facial application. The marketed formulation had the highest Spreadability (5.909), but F2 was a close second and within acceptable functional limits.

Foamability is a crucial parameter for face wash products, as consumers often associate foaming with cleansing efficiency.²⁰ The marketed facewash and F2 demonstrated good foam formation upon agitation with water, indicating better surfactant action. F1 showed moderate foam, while F3 exhibited only slight foam formation, possibly due to a lower concentration or less effective surfactant system.

Extrudability is a measure of the ease with which a product can be dispensed from its container. All formulations were extrudable, but F2 showed the most user-friendly characteristics, with smooth flow and minimal effort required. F3 required more pressure, which may affect consumer perception and convenience.

The antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, pathogens commonly associated with skin infections and acne. F2 showed the highest zone of inhibition against S. aureus (26mm),²¹ even surpassing the standard drug amoxicillin (23 mm), indicating excellent antibacterial potential. Against Candida albicans, F2(11mm) also showed superior antifungal activity compared to the standard clotrimazole (9mm) (Tables 7 and 8, Figure 1).

These results strongly support the efficacy of F2 as a potent antimicrobial herbal formulation, likely due to its optimized composition of bioactive plant extracts.

CONCLUSION:

The newly developed neem facewash formulations (F1, F2, and F3) demonstrated strong potential as effective, natural skincare alternatives to the marketed product. All formulations were semi-solid, homogeneous, easily washable, and pleasantly scented, aligning with consumer expectations. Although they differed in colour (brown v/s green), this was due to ingredient variation and did not affect performance. The pH values (4.9–5.6) were within the ideal range for maintaining skin health, indicating their suitability for regular use. F1 and F2 exhibited Spreadability similar to the marketed facewash, while F3 showed slightly lower values. All formulations were non-greasy and provided excellent washability, ensuring a clean, residue-free feel. Notably, antimicrobial studies revealed significant activity of F2 and F3 against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. F2 outperformed the standard antibiotics (amoxicillin and clotrimazole), suggesting added therapeutic benefits. Among the three, F2 emerged as the most balanced in terms of Spreadability, skin compatibility, and antimicrobial efficacy. These findings support the potential of neem-based facewash, particularly F2, for further development as an herbal skincare product. Continued research, including stability assessments and clinical evaluations, is recommended to confirm long-term effectiveness and user acceptance, paving the way for successful commercialization.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest with the data contained in the manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

Concept: MAMI, PN; Design: MAMI, PN; Data Collection or Processing: MAMI, PN; Analysis or Interpretation: PN; Literature Search: MAMI, PN; Writing: MAMI; Approval: PN. We gratefully acknowledge the infrastructural and technical support provided by NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, for facilitating the successful completion of this work.

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Received on 02.06.2025 Revised on 22.10.2025

Accepted on 24.12.2025 Published on 05.06.2026

Available online from June 06, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(6):2853-2858.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00407

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Formulation	Colour	Odour	Texture	Homogeneity	Consistency	Particulate matter	Grittiness
Marketed Neem facewash	Green	Pleasant	Smooth	Uniform distribution	Semi-solid and stable	None observed	No gritty particles
F1	Brown	Pleasant	Smooth	Uniform distribution	Semi-solid and stable	None observed	No gritty particles
F2	Brown	Pleasant	Smooth	Uniform distribution	Semi-solid and stable	None observed	No gritty particles
F3	Brown	Pleasant	Smooth	Uniform distribution	Semi-solid and stable	None observed	No gritty particles